What is the main challenge faced by silicon-based photovoltaic cells?

• A. High production costs
• B. Short service life
• C. Their efficiency is relatively low compared to potential improvements with perovskite
• D. Toxic materials

Answer: (C)

The main challenge here is the efficiency gap. Silicon-based cells already benefit from a long, cost-effective manufacturing path, but as a single-junction absorber, their efficiency is approaching a practical ceiling. Perovskite solar cells have shown rapid, high efficiency gains and can be stacked with silicon in tandem devices to surpass what silicon alone can achieve. That potential for much higher overall conversion efficiency makes boosting silicon’s performance—often by embracing or partnering with perovskite architectures—the central hurdle.

Other factors like production costs, durability, or toxicity are important in many contexts, but they’re not the primary obstacle in this view. The key issue is pushing beyond silicon’s single-junction limit to keep pace with or exceed the gains that new materials like perovskite can offer.